This treatise-Roga Viniscaya-is more popularly known as Madhava Nidana after the name of its author. It is counted as the first among the Laghu Trayi (the lesser triad) of Ayurvedic literature. It is considered as the ideals book dealing with Nosology (knowledge of diseases) and has earned a praise for its author as "Madhava is best for Nidana". It has retained its importance as a text-book on the subject since the last thirteen centuries. It enjoyed great reputation as an authoritative text not only in India but even in other countries as can be judged by its translation into other languages and many commentaries.
Date of the Treatise
Scholars entitled for authoritative opinion have fixed 700 A. D., or near about as the date of Madhava Nidana based on the following points.
1. Madhava Nidana contains a large number of verses borrowed from Astanga Hrdaya of Vagbhata, which was complete by 600 A. D. So Madhava Nidana is later than 600 A. D.
2. Vrnda, the author of Siddhayoga whose date is 800 A. D., or near about is the first person to have adopted the order of sequence of diseases as found in Madhava Nidana. Hence, Madhava Nidana should be earlier to 800 A. D.
3. Harun-al-Rashid, the Abbasid caliph of Persia (768-809 A. D.) got many Indian Medical works translated into Arabic language by the scholars of his court. Ali-bin-Sahl-Rabban-al-Tabari, a Persian physician in his book 'firdaus-al-Hikma (Paradise of Wisdom) written in 849-850 A. D., mentions some such Indian Medical works Viz, Jrk, Ssrd, Ndan, Astanqhrdy which stand for Caraka, Susruta, Nidana and Astanga Hrdaya respectively. Tabari had made use of these books. Al-Razi (who died in 925 A. D.) in his, Kitab-al-Hawi mentions as Indian book by name Badan.
Ibn-abi Usaybia (who died in 1270 A. D.) in his book 'Uyun-al-anba. Fi-tabaqat-al-attibba (History of Physicians) mentions the book Badan and states that it describes 404 diseases.
Al-Yaqubi, "Bdan or Badan" has been taken as equivalent to the Sanskrit term 'Nidan'.
Based on the above, majority of the scholars agree that Ndan known to Arabs is none other than Madhava Nidana. Considering the time needed for an Indian work to get translated into Arabic in Persia and to be taken as a chief source by an eminent author in 849/850 A. D., it is very well justified to fix the date of Madhava Nidana as 700 A. D., or near about.
| Introduction-Part I. Historical notes. | iii | |
| Part II. Note on evolution of diseases. | xvii | |
| 1 | Panca Nidana Laksanam | 3 |
| 2 | Jwara Nidanam (Fevers) | 6 |
| 3 | Atisara Nidanam (Diarrhoeas) | 16 |
| 4 | Grahani Nidanam (Disease of the duodenum) | 20 |
| 5 | Arsas Nidanam (Haemorrhoids) | 23 |
| 6 | Agnimandya-Ajirna-Visucika-Alasaka-Vilambika Nidanam (Dyspepsia, Indigestion etc.) | 29 |
| 7 | Krimiroga Nidanam (Parasitic diseases) | 33 |
| 8 | Panduroga-Kamala-Kumbhakamala-Halimaka Nidanam (Anaemia, Jaundice, Hepatitis) | 35 |
| 9 | Raktapitta Nidanam (Haemorrhagic diseases) | 39 |
| 10 | Rajayaksma-Ksataksina Nidanam (Pulmonary tuberculosis, Wasting diseases. Etc.) | 42 |
| 11 | Kasa Nidanam (Caughs) | 46 |
| 12 | Hikka, Swasa Nidanam (Hiccups, Dyspnoeas) | 48 |
| 13 | Swara bheda Nidanam (Hoarseness) | 53 |
| 14 | Arocaka Nidanam (Anorexia) | 55 |
| 15 | Chardi Nidanam (Vomitting) | 56 |
| 16 | Trsna Nidanam (Thirst) | 59 |
| 17 | Murcha-Bhrama Nidra, Tandra, Sannyasa Nidanam (Fainting, Giddiness, Stupor and loss of consciousness) | 61 |
| 18 | Panatyaya-Paramada-Panajirna-Panavibhrama Nidanam (Alcoholic intoxication) | 65 |
| 19 | Daha Nidanam (Burning sensation of the body) | 69 |
| 20 | Unmada Nidanam (Insanity) | 71 |
| 21 | Apasmara Nidanam (Epilepsy) | 77 |
| 22 | Vatavyadhi Nidanam (Diseases of nervous system) | 79 |
| 23 | Vatarakta Nidanam (Gout) | 90 |
| 24 | Urusthambha Nidanam (Stiffness of the legs) | 93 |
| 25 | Amavata Nidanam (Rheumatism) | 95 |
| 26 | Sula-Parinama sula-Annadrava sula Nidanam (Colic, Peptic ulcers) | 97 |
| 27 | Udavarta-Anaha Nidanam (Reverse peristalisis-flatulence etc.) | 101 |
| 28 | Gulma Nidanam (Abdominal tumors) | 104 |
| 29 | Hrdroga Nidanam (Diseases of the heart) | 107 |
| 30 | Mutrakrchra Nidanam (Dysurea, Strangury) | 108 |
| 31 | Mutraghata Nidanam (Suppression of urine) | 110 |
| 32 | Asmari Nidanam (Vesical calculus) | 113 |
| 33 | Prameha, Prameha Pidaka Nidanam (Diabetes, Corbuncles) | 116 |
| 34 | Medo roga Nidanam (Obesity) | 121 |
| 35 | Udara roga Nidanam (Enlargement of the abdomen ) | 122 |
| 36 | Sotha roga Nidanam (Oedema, Anasarca) | 126 |
| 37 | Vrddhi roga Nidanam (Swelling of the scrotum) | 129 |
| 38 | Galaganda, Ganda mala, Apaci, Granthi, Arbuda Nidanam (Cervical lymphadenoma, Scrofula, Goitre, Tumors and Cancer) | 131 |
| 39 | Slipada Nidanam (Filariasis) | 135 |
| 40 | Vidradhi Nidanam (Abscesses) | 136 |
| 41 | Vranasotha Nidanam (Inflammatory swelling) | 139 |
| 42 | Sariravrana Nidanam (Organic ulcers) | 141 |
| 43 | Sadyovrana Nidanam (Traumatic ulcer) | 144 |
| 44 | Bhagna Nidanam (Fractures of bones) | 148 |
| 45 | Nadivrana Nidanam (Sinus ulcers) | 150 |
| 46 | Bhagandara Nidanam (Festula-in-ano) | 152 |
| 47 | Upadamsa Nidanam (Veneral diseases) | 154 |
| 48 | Suka dosa Nidanam (Diseases of the penis) | 156 |
| 49 | Kustha Nidanam (Leprosy, skin diseases) | 159 |
| 50 | Sitapitta, Udarda, Kotha Nidanam (Skin rashes, Allergy etc.) | 165 |
| 51 | Alapitta Nidanam (Hyperchlorhydria, Gastritis) | 166 |
| 52 | Visarpa Nidanam (Erysepelas) | 168 |
| 53 | Visphota Nidanam (Small pox) | 171 |
| 54 | Masurika Nidanam (Chicken pox, Measles) | 173 |
| 55 | Ksudra roga Nidanam (Minor diseases) | 177 |
| 56 | Mukha roga Nidanam (Diseases of the mouth) | 184 |
| 57 | Karna roga Nidanam (Diseases of the ear) | 193 |
| 58 | Nasa roga Nidanam (Diseases of the nose) | 197 |
| 59 | Netra roga Nidanam (Diseases of the eye) | 202 |
| 60 | Siro roga Nidanam (Diseases of the head) | 217 |
| 61 | Asrgdara Nidanam (Menorrhagia) | 220 |
| 62 | Yonivyapat Nidanam (Diseases of vagina) | 222 |
| 63 | Yoni kanda Nidanam (Vaginal tumors) | 224 |
| 64 | Mudha garbha Nidanam (Abnormal pregnancy, foetal presentation etc.) | 225 |
| 65 | Sutika roga Nidanam (Diseases of peurperum) | 227 |
| 66 | Stana roga Nidanam (Diseases of the breast) | 228 |
| 67 | Stanya dusti Nidanam (Disorders of breast milk) | 229 |
| 68 | Bala roga Nidanam (Diseases of children) | 230 |
| 69 | Visa roga Nidanam (Diseases due to poison) | 234 |
| 70 | Visayanukramanika (Contents of the treatise) | 245 |
| Appendix I Salient points from Madhukosa commentary | 245 | |
| Appendix II Mithyahara vihara | 264 | |
| Appendix III Comparisons of leisons | 281 | |
| Appendix IV Modern equivalents of diseases | 292 | |
| Index | 315 |
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