Preface
The region now-a-days known as Bihar has played a prominent art in the history of India. In ancient times four important ates flourished here, namely Vaisali, Videha, Anga, and Magadha. The first was a monarchy in the beginning but emerged as a republic wards the end of the eighth century B. C. and continued as such several centuries. The other three were monarchies. It was agadha, the last in the list given above, which developed into the ost powerful state. The political unification of Bihar was the work Magadha, which was done during the reigns of Bimbisara, atsatru (495 B. C.-463 B. C.) and specially Mahapadma Nanda. e work was accomplished in two centuries. From the time of mbisara (547 В. С.-495 В. С.) and Mahapadma Nanda Middle of the 4th century B. C.) the history of Bihar became the story of India. The period of the Maurya dynasty founded by andra Gupta is one of great glories and achievements. The story Asoka, his grandson, and the hegemony based on Dharma that he ablished over the sub-continent extending from the Hindukush untains to Andhra Pradesh and Mysore is too well-known to aire repetition. A few centuries later came the age of the impe-Guptas (4th and 5th centuries A. D.) -another period of the remacy of Magadha and Bihar in Indian History. The role of har in the history of Pala period (from the middle of the eighth ury A. D. to the end of the 12th century A. D.) is not ignificant.
The separate existence of Bihar continued even during the ammedan rule. It is a well-known fact that Shershah originally ablished his principality in Bihar. The Ayeen-i-Akbari clearly ses to the separate existence of Bihar as a province under the erial rule. It was only after the death of Aurangzeb that it came be united with Bengal.
The year 1765 may be treated as a dismal year in the history India in general and that of Bihar in particular. After the sive battle of Buxar fought that year, Emperor Shah Alam
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